What Was Your Cm Like Before Your Period?

for those mistakes we all make in Algebra: for my students of 4 º ESO

When we lack vocabulary all students and teachers say "that thing" ; effectively and referred to the unknown in the set of math problems and treaties Algebra as in the book of John the Baptist Tolra , published in Tarragona in 1619 : "Treaty of Art over Arithmetic, Algebra or call rule thing."

The first book of algebra castellan written or published in Valencia in 1552 " First Book of Arithtmetica Algebratica " of Marco Aurel, digitized Virtual Library Miguel de Cervantes and the link can also enjoy:

http://trobes.uv. es/tmp/_webpac2_1358056.3511

In the book Marco Aurel said that in the equations of the type:
the only solution is x = 1.

How
may not give notice that equality is an identity
and therefore holds for any value assigned to x?.

need a good notation to clarify the resolution of the equations at that time were algebraists "cosist" and Cervantes in Chapter XV of the second part of Don Quixote algebraist used as a restoration of bones and not an equation solver.


Today in class, Algebra practice more than any other branch of Mathematics, at all levels, blackboards full of x and and - See what e-already practiced in class and besides I want to sing "the girl ye, ye " my students refuse to pronounce it so.

Sometimes a devil is cast into a coefficient changing exercises, a sign, and difficult to solve.

Algebra is the offer made by the devil to the mathematician. The devil said, "I give you this powerful machine, who will answer any question. All you need is to give me your soul leaves the geometry and I will give this wonderful machine. (Michael Atiyah)

Quote
found in the preface that Barry Mazur makes an indispensable book:
Number the language of science Tobias Dantzig (in the reissue of 2005's classic 1930)

" Algebra is a scientific art. Its purpose are the numbers absolute and measurable quantities, which are unknown, but referring to anything known so that they can be determined, and this thing known is reached by analyzing the conditions of the problem in this art we look for relationships that link the magnitudes given the problem with the unknown, which, in the manner indicated above, is the subject of algebra. The perfection of this art consists in the knowledge of mathematical methods , with the help of which may be referred to the determination of both the numerical and geometric unknowns. Algebraic resolution, as is well known, is made only by an equation, that is, by matching some powers with others. "

This beautiful definition of algebra is the Persian poet Ghiyath al-Din Abu'l-Fath Omar ibn Ibrahim l-Nishaburi the -Khayyam (عمر بن إبرهيم خيام بيشابوري in Arabic), our poet of the last entry in his book entitled:
"Treatise on Algebra problems demonstrations.

Omar Khayyam we will use the letter x for the unknown using the Arabic term for shay, meaning "thing", which was translated into English scientific works as x to y . In short, it was replaced by first letter, the initial x . Development

the first procedure of solving the quadratic and cubic equations from conic sections.

On this page, Omar is solving the problem: "a cube, the sides and the numbers are equal the squares ", or, in modern notation, x ³ + cx + d = bx ^2.

The two conics whose intersection provides the solution is a circle and a hyperbola in the drawing, these curves intersect twice, thus providing two solutions of the cubic equation.

And since this post is old books:


virtual exhibition of ancient books, on the occasion of the year World of Mathematics, was held in Seville in December 2000 in the link:

http://euler.us.es/ ~ books / iberia.html

Signs Of A Pin Stroke

Chile: The Mapuche

THE CHILEAN GOVERNMENT VIOLATES HUMAN RIGHTS TO HOLD PRISONERS MAPUCHE SEVERAL MINOR . POLITICAL PRISONERS OF A NEW ETHNIC THREATEN HUNGER STRIKE AGAINST TERRORISM ACT OF PINOCHET

Minors Mapuche prisoners were interviewed in prison in Chol Chol. The interview, broadcast by the Association Mapuche Kilapan on Wednesday, November 24 was conducted by Julieta Vargas, a researcher at the Foundation for Support of Children Unprotected

-

Luis, Cristian, Joseph, would like to know in his voice about the situation they face.

- Childbirth me. My name is Cristian Alexis Cayupan LofMuko Morales and I am from. I've been here more than 11 months awaiting trial preparation, which is suspended over and over again. I have my dad ill a few years ago with terminal cancer and I hate being away from él.Yo I think they have committed many injustices against us children, minors. For example, when I was arrested I was tortured, threatened me with my family saying they were going to do damage. I was beaten, tortured psychologically and physically.

Here time passes so sad, very sad is happening here. Despite everything we've done, writing, and a hunger strike, still here. For here we resisting as we can because most can not do: we're here, we already have them and have to fight just with our strength, our mind and ask the support people who read this. We want to tell him of the injustice done to the Mapuche children, with the Mapuche people, and we do not want the same thing happens to you my brother, my son, his grandchildren.

- What is happening today is, Cristian, for your community?

- In my community there is no longer young, are mothers, grandmothers, young children. Are those who are staying and continue to repress, still looking for more children to trick and show him to extract information threats.

- What sort of cheating children living in communities today?

- Children guys give away things, bring them toys, they bring cookies, cakes, and ask them things, they will visit a school and if they get caught on the street, interrogate and threaten.

-A nearly two months of the end of the hunger strike, what do you get it clear?

- I did not strike because my dad is sick and we have economic problems. But I find it unfair that we were to get young people to strike hungry to get some things, but hardly get anything. He had to risk the lives of adults and children.



-Luis, could you talk about yourself and explain your situation?

- Yes My name is Luis and I'm Marileo Manichaean community Guiñón Chief Joseph of the town of Ercilla. I already am going to serve seven months in this lugar.Yo see that injustice has been committed against us has been great because they have not respected our rights in any way.

We have removed from our schools, we have isolated our families, we have tortured, we are accused of terrorism, which are not, and we are prisoners here. Remember the Leonardo Quijón partner also came a day here, injured his leg and was about six months. He managed to prove his innocence at the trial, but no one took responsibility for the six months he was held prisoner, all the psychological damage caused and is causing us to us as well. The truth is that it is irreparable because they keep us prisoners when we know that no country has been accused of terrorist to a minor. Why us yes? I was a participant in the hunger strike. I spent 42 days without trying alimento.El government has told us that we took the Terrorism Act, but when we ask for relief, not give them because they did change the law has not been true, has not been complete. The government has misled the children and youth because we accused of being terrorists and we do not want to accuse us of libertad.A protected witnesses who say false things. They have no certainty that we have participated in the events. In fact, we are here because a witness, who nobody knows, happened to say that we were guilty.

I tell you we've never been involved in violence, we are estudiantes.Yo was in the middle third and worked at the Lyceum to study. Last year, I was not even a week and I went to look there, and I could not come back. Nobody cares about all the effort made by my mom, my family so I could study. The government does not respect our right to study and be with family, we have not been complied with anything.

"You who were on hunger strike, what things were achieved?

- My impression is that some things have changed, there are others that are the same as what he said Cristian about which we still apply the law to the menores.En my case, my dad asked for injunctive relief and even won two judges who voted in favor and a judge who voted against my freedom, the end was not because, as Terrorism Bill was, had to be the three in favor.

-José, can you tell us about yourself and why you are admitted to this hospital?

- I'm here because I am accused of being a terrorist for being Mapuche. I'm here to think differently, because my culture is different, because my thinking is different, because I am from a community that is in conflict, a place where the Chilean government has a conflict with communities because it does not return the land. Since I am a child, my community has been repressed by the state . I'm a prisoner here because there was no one else to stop in communities. For all adults are detained, they are now arresting children. We are holding Nose to us and then who will be caught. Since no one is exempt in the communities, only adult women, the elderly, they salvan.Nosotros months here and we have for long pause again for weary months because the change they made to the Act are not met, no We served it to us. They told us that we were not going to accuse more than terrorists, but we are still named as terrorists. We do not precautionary play, nothing, no rights we have accomplished.

I also did strike, thinking, thinking that at some point would solve everything. I lowered my hunger strike because my family was worried, also got in the government believe that at one point said that everything was solved. In the end it was all false, we were duped again, we were deceived by false words, they said that we had removed the Terrorism Act, but we like, we're still here and perhaps we'll be here much longer detention.

- What message would you give young Mapuche who are not, and they will read their words?

- My message is do not be alarmed do not be alarmed that the prison is not going to silence our people. This is a struggle and we must achieve it, do not be scared because we are young encarcelando.A ask them to support us from outside, to support us in one way or another, to all apoyen.Yo we want to convey this to the Youth: support us, we nevertheless continue what we are going strong. Maybe because today Mapuche torture us, haunt us, but certainly not going to give up. Hopefully those people who are sitting at home doing something for us, that children who are out does not happen as well as to nosotros.Yo I ask you to help us get our freedom and to help us that kids like us who do not same thing happen to his family does not suffer the same as our family is suffering. Help us not to re-commit these injustices, this torture, these delusions to children, such persecution not let them live as children: the rights that every child should have, (to be with his family, to study to achieve something of your life). I ask all those people help and support. Aguantaremos.Nosotros Here we do not want what happened to us happening to our brothers our children, or anyone in our blood, which is Mapuche .

resume the Mapuche hunger strike

The 17 indigenous Mapuche channeled under the Chilean Law antiterrotista, dating from the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet , announced Tuesday that will reactivate the hunger strike to demand fair trials. The villagers await an official response to proceed with their peaceful protest.

According to spokesmen and family members of the community members at a hearing held this Tuesday, the Chilean Attorney faceless witnesses used by the video conferencing system and a voice-distorting mechanism, which caused the indignation of the accused.

The testimony against the Mapuche was considered by the defense as crude and thereupon the defendants, this protest, they withdrew to their cells.

considered view of the rigged trial, the detainees were determined to continue with the fast had been involved in until last October, over 80 days, whereby they asked the Chilean courts a fair trial.

The villagers believe that the Chilean government has given no response any of the three requests as being vital to the process to safeguard their rights. The Mapuche ask again that if judges are disqualified for having tried previously to one of the accused, the Prosecutor downgraded their crimes from being regarded as terrorists before trial, and finally that the Public Ministry not can use protected witnesses, as happened on Tuesday morning
The Mapuche prosecuted
expect official letter Minister Secretary General of the Presidency, Cristian Larroulet , which reflect the official position of the government of President Sebastián Piñera to the demands of the commoners. The letter is also the result of the mediation efforts between the Mapuche and the Chilean Executive by Archbishop Ricardo Ezzati , Archbishop of Concepción (city of southwest) .

Reiman Juana, mother of one of the Mapuche political prisoners, said the decision to take the villagers is imminent in view of which are still used to faceless witnesses in trials against the commoners, as occurred in recent days Cañete.

"The undercover witnesses remain. Negotiations with the Government wrong. Has not fulfilled all the promises and they want to resume the strike. They are not criminals or terrorists. They have families and are thrown away because they are convicted of crimes they have committed " , her mother said.

From Temucuicui community, the werken (messenger Mapuche) Jorge Huenchullán said the protests would resume only in Concepción, while in other prisons in the south will remain commoners alert, they do not see progress on the promise of the Executive. Huenchullán explains that in the case of re- condemnation of terrorist crime criminal offense "no commitments have materialized. Here the situation is that the brothers point calling for the reclassification of offenses. The Public Prosecutor has to change the charges, ie, should be prosecuted for common crimes and that has not materialized. "

From the Government as the Interior Minister Rodrigo Hinzpeter , expressed disagreement with the idea: "I hope no one resume the hunger strike. The truth is that everything that is committed is fulfilled and, therefore, feel that there is no reason. We must look to the future and we have been talking very well with indigenous peoples and I think we have very good news on the subject "he said.

Earlier, the Archbishop of Concepción , newly elected president of the Episcopal Conference, Ricardo Ezzati had warned that the Mapuche could take up the measure, which he intervened to put down the 34 villagers who remained in a prolonged hunger strike until October.

On that occasion, the Government undertook to remove the terrorism charges brought against the detainees. However, prosecutors refused to do so in the case of the attack on tax Elgueta. In addition, the Executive had announced the end of the covert use of witnesses and other measures taken within the framework of implementing the present Anti-Terrorism Act .

(Sources: Agrupación Mapuche Kilapan,
teleSUR-Prensa Latina-The Third-Radio Bio-Bio and Radio Cooperativa)

Price Chopper Name Change

A Story of Love and Astronomy: my contribution to the VIII Math Carnival

Mathematics lovers are in luck because we have a carnival in which to share our of interest. In this eighth edition in charge of this event is J uan Martínez-Giménez Tébar in his blog: Mathematicians are not serious people. It is my honor to participate in this opportunity with this entry:


We have said Oscar Wilde : The best way to get rid of temptation is to fall into it and yet we erre que erre rebelling; Luis Maria Anson brings the beauty of oriental poems in that love is constant before life.

mentions Anson Li Po , century Chinese poet XVIII, liberal and heavy drinker, just another one of my admired poets, Persian mathematician and astronomer Omar Khayyam (XI century), author of the Rubaiyaat and protagonist of the book Samarkand Amin Maalouf and film: The Keeper: The Legend of Omar Khayyam.

Drinking only in light of the moon

If Heaven had no love for wine,
there would be no Wine Star in the sky.
If the Earth had no love for wine,
not have a city called Wine sources.
As Heaven and Earth love wine, wine
I can love without shame to Heaven.
say that the clear wine is a saint, thick wine
follow the path (Tao) of the wise.
I have drunk deeply holy and wise,
then what need to study the minds and the immortals?
With three glasses penetrate the Great Tao,
take everything a pitcher, and the world and I are one. Such things as
I dreamed of wine,
never be counted to the sober.
(Li Po)

As what you ignore reserve tomorrow, try to be happy today. Grab a jug of wine, sit in the light of the moon and drink, as you say that perhaps tomorrow I will look in vain for the star of the night. (Omar Khayyam)

Similarities Eastern poets, passionate lives in coexisting stars and lovers, there is no time. Love and Astronomy. Anson referred to Tsing Kuan, XII century poet, rises to the stars love to sing the seventh night of the seventh moon. Tsiao Hsien Chiao is the love story of cowboy and Weaver, embodied in two stars that are every seventh night of every seventh moon. Then cross the celestial river, the Milky Way, on the bridge of the crows, and speak of love and sadness; the idea of \u200b\u200bconstant love, before life also appears dela in the Ching Dynasty, when you worship-yun chen, divine rhyme, Wa Lan, who loved his wife three million centuries before meeting ...

Poetry and Astronomy, Jayyamse Omar biography fascinates me all areas, as an astronomer to note that in 1070 he moved to Samarkand ( Samarkand, the most beautiful face that the Earth has ever gone into the sun.) where commissioned the construction of an astronomical observatory located in Marv (now Mary, Turkmenistan) was among a group of scientists who reformed the calendar Zaratustrano , the new schedule f ue formally inaugurated on March 15 1079, and is the calendar used by the Persians still . For this new caledario was called Yalalí calculated the length of a year with great accuracy. (An error of 1 day in 3770 years, less than the Gregorian calendar would begin to be used in Europe from October 15, 1582.)

The Persians had retained because Zaratustrano calendar accuracy, although the Islamic culture imposed on all nations conquered their lunar calendar.

Samarkand, city 2700 years old, declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 2001, one of the Sultans: Ulugh Beg had a great interest in astronomy and in 1428 built an astronomical observatory called inmneso Gurjani Zij.



cylindrical building had a height of 35 meters and a floor of 50 meters in diameter. Inside was a huge mural sextant Fajri marble 36 meter radio and a visual separation of 180 arc seconds, used for astronomical measurements for highly accurate for the year 1428.

In 1437 determines the length of the sidereal year as 365.2570370 ... ^{d d = 365 h 6 m 10 s} 8 (with an error ^s +58). In their actions used a gnomon of almost 50 meters high.

would have to spend 150 years until the calculations of Tycho Brahe Danish would improve the observatory in Samarkand.

The observatory was deliberately destroyed in 1449 but his remains were unearthed in 1908 and can be visited today as museum.

Links:

• Luis Maria Anson
  
  http:/ / www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/% 28voAnexos% 29/arch01872653A096AFDBC1257146003FF4CE / $ FILE / anson.htm

• Photographs of the remains of the Observatory:

 

 

 

http://tectonicablog.com/?p=11493 

 

 

And now, your gaze wanders over Samarkand! Is not the queen of the earth? More proud that all cities, whose fate is in your hands.

Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)

Varicose Veins Labia During Pregnancy

Cuba: Economic Reforms

BRAZIL ECONOMIC ACCELERATE THE LANDING ON THE ISLAND TO TRY The opportunities COPAR BUSINESS IS OPEN WHILE thousands of Cubans line up to become small entrepreneurs

Brazil aims to become the leading business actor Cuba, with the liberalization of labor economics by the government of President Raul Castro .
"Cubans are becoming more commercially aggressive and Brazil want to meet that demand," , says the director of the state Brazilian Agency for Export and Investment Promotion Agency (Apex), Mauricio Borges.

firm Havaianas flip flops , a Brazilian logos in the world, has been authorized to develop merchandising and advertising within Cuban shops, as newspaper O Estado Sao Paulo of . Apex led last week to 27 Brazilian companies to explore business opportunities on the island. According to O Estado , businesses paid $ 48 million against 29 million originally projected.

The Brazilian government since taking President Lula da Silva in 2003 close commercial ties with Cuba such as the construction of the port of Mariel , development of road infrastructure and in terms of tropical agriculture, with state bank financing BNDES.

The economic flexibility has launched the government of Raul Castro is an attraction for Brazilian entrepreneurs. "Entrepreneurs are profiting by the political avenue opened by the government" says Brazilian ambassador in Havana, José Felicio .

Entrepreneurs in a country without private enterprise

Thousands of Cubans have come in recent weeks to apply for a license to develop self-employment. Among them, some state employees are prepared for the change of activity, especially those working in non-performing businesses and workshops, who believe they sooner or later be fired. Last September, the Central Workers Cuba announced that half a million state workers will be dismissed from October this year and the first quarter of 2011.

Between who aspire to a license are those with long experience in called "self-employment" , who see an opportunity to mount a second business, which now allows law after a ban of two decades. There are also those who worked underground and have chosen to "whiten "activity. There are tens of thousands of people to which the government denied them permission to work on their own, but they did so covertly.

" I have worked illegal under the rigor of the inspectors that you constantly put fines of 200 pesos and I want to end it. I get cheaper legalized " says Jennifer manicure. Diceque work gains allow you to pay what the government calls but stressed that" not give a lot, I win between 100 and 200 pesos a day with my work, that alone is sufficient for daily expenses. " (1 dollar equals 24 pesos)

Enrique

Martínez comes with the hope that your license back. "I had a welding shop in (street) Industry and they (the state) took away my local" says, adding that " now I get the permission to work in my house" . Explains that there is input, for workers, " things are only fighting" , ie on the black market. "This is like the game of cat and mouse, they open around here and they close by there are people crazy" he concludes. Pablo Linares

workshop aims to appliances, for which a machine commissioned in Miami . Works as electric motor windings in a workshop of the State. Your task is to repair computers that are burned, a common occurrence given the problems of voltage-and back running the fan or the mixer. For years the parent company only sends the wire, without which it is impossible to work. Paul knows his job is in the air and the company about to be declared bankrupt. By the way, has chosen to organize the future, "I asked a friend in Miami who send me a motor winding machine to set up my own workshop ." Has already made the accounts "with this makes a good, fix a fan motor are $ 250 and that of a washer can ask for $ 500 " . He explains that no great aspirations but if things go well could instruct other machines.

Niurka Gamelan Decade and Grenadine had a photography studio at home and now launch a second business to open a coffee shop. "We offer everything, food, coffee, juices and smoothies and everything in national currency" , Niurka account. Decade explains they need to invest more than $ 2,000. "I have met my own money because I am self-employed since 11 years, plus I have relatives in Miami who helped me " .

Niurka wins does not mean much to her study of photography, but says " can not live like a millionaire, or you can buy a car but enough to eat meat every day, dressed me and my children and leave the weekends. " Asked whether economic openness will last, do not hesitate to answer: " we must seize the opportunities, if they give you grab it, the future nobody knows. "

Some emigres Miami and other parts of the world seem to have decided that assist their families to set up a business involves them spending less than the monthly remittances to support their maintenance. And there are cases of joint ventures: a Cuban resident and one migrant. The investment comes from abroad, face, and the job puts you live on the island: the benefits are spread

The "new" economic model, between rejection and hope

While the president Raul Castro is dedicated to explaining to the tables Communist Party and government's new economic plan, on the street opinion is divided between skepticism, rejection and hope. The attacks coming from the right and left. For some it is a change of makeup, while others believe they are taking the first steps toward capitalism.

The average Cuban is skeptical, he finds contradictory signals so no one really knows what to expect. Also weighing on past experience that economic openings were drowned out by the government. The most satisfied with this project seems to be the academic sector, in particular economic researchers who feel that the new guidelines reflect many of their proposals rejected for years.

The official daily Granma recently published a summary of the meeting between President Castro leaders of the Communist Party School in who answered countless questions. Raul Castro said accept discrepancies "must be a maximum in the Party" and guided to boxes "to collect all opinions carefully because in this process who will decide are the people" . There

" concern of several participants on the creation of cooperatives " and ministers had to answer further questions from the changes in the tax system new forms of ownership, production and agricultural development. The

economy minister Marino Murillo, insisted that no reforms: "is an update of the economic model. No one thinks we're going to transfer ownership, we're going to manage otherwise."

dissident economist Oscar Espinosa believes that these measures "lead to nothing because the model should be replaced rather than updated" and ensures that changes are not like those of China .

economic project not seem to form on the left. An article signed by the Cuban nuclear physicist Rogelio Díaz compares the announced closure of inefficient firms with bankruptcies occurred in Argentina . Remember that workers in that country have begun to move the factories "so self-managed cooperative" adding that it should be given the same opportunity to Cubans: "After all, we want to remain socialist."

Miguel Arencibia, a Masters in Law, member of Critical Monitoring and communist activist for over 30 years. He was fired from his job for publishing articles on the Internet and She takes care of cars for a living. Believes that the only solution for his country is to build a true socialism, "Revolution stalled in the 60's, as Fidel himself has just said that the model no longer works. It's totally bureaucratic and nationalized. For us, Socialism goes through collective self-management and co-operative work, but really, there has been cooperative in Cuba. And also the self-employment not put aside. "

Liberalizing trade in building materials

liberalize Cuba in January the sale of building materials in national pesos. Until now, the sale was a state-subsidized activity. "From January next year will disappear selling building materials with subsidies to the so-called traces, and begin to market them released at the outlets in the domestic trade system" , announced in Juventud Rebelde address non-food products from the Ministry of Internal Trade. This body confirmed that it will continue the marketing, launched this year, agricultural inputs to farmers in 1,200 stores across the country.

last February began selling building materials offered only 7 products, figure that will rise to 144. So far the state subsidized materials were scarce and the Cubans were purchased from a foreign currency.

is estimated that Cuba , with a population of 11.2 million people, there is a shortfall of 600,000 homes, in part because of the three hurricanes that hit the island in 2008, causing losses amounting to 10,000 billion.

return of the cruise
With

arrival at the port of Havana cruise Gemini, the English company Travel Quail, with 800 passengers aboard, Cuba start getting regular cruises after four years. Europe cruises between and Cuba were "limited by the blockade of U.S. on the island. "has been defined operations. This operation begins tomorrow in a stable manner" said Lester Oliva, president of Cubatur , state travel agency, said on Cuban television today.

Gemini

The cruise will come to the island every week, which will join the operations of a British cruiser in the first quarter of 2011 and another Russian, with a three night stay at the port of Havana within its length, said Oliva .

Following the purchase of the English company Pullmantur by U.S. Royal Caribbean, based in Miami in 2006, the ship Holiday Dream stopped playing due to blockade Cuban ports.

Cuba This caused a loss of 22,000 tourists, said last month Cuban Minister of Tourism, Manuel Marrero . In 2005, a year before the end of the English operations Holiday Dream, then-President Fidel Castro stated on the cruise: "floating hotels come, floating restaurants, floating theaters, floating fun visit the countries for leave garbage, cans and papers for a few miserable cents " .

Cuba that year reached 102,440 passengers in 122 berths, most aboard the Holiday Dream , generating $ 15 million. The cruise ship terminal at the port of Havana is now almost paralyzed.

Cuba: change and more democracy
For Angel Guerra Cabrera (*)

The national debate convened in Cuba between December 1, 2010 and February 28, 2011 is the true beginning of the VI Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), continuity of a parliament of workers, peasants, students and popular that the revolution has come many times since coming to power.

open to the public discussion document is the draft guidelines for economic and social policy ( http://www.cubadebate.cu/ ), prepared by the Economic Policy Committee of Congress , which constitute the main theme and purpose to discuss with the public is to ensure that its proposals out the final document to be submitted for consideration by the highest governing body of the PCC, to be held in April 2011. The project was made days available to the public while the party held a seminar preparing national cadres and specialists that level will be responsible for organizing the debate in the provinces. In one of his speeches at the seminar, which lasted four days, the second secretary of the PCC, Raul Castro, oriented: it is not convinced as to what is written in the project but to explain the issues and collect the opinions carefully because this process that will decide is the people (emphasis added). Had previously stated that diversity is essential and that life is enriched by the discrepancies, which must be a maximum within the party, an idea reiterated frequently. Thus, he stressed, "is mass participation cardinal to the success of the conference and stressed that the ideas of Fidel are in each of the proposed guidelines.

Do you want a superior example of direct, participatory democracy, really a socialist? The two main leaders of the only revolution that has fought for the ideal and social achievements over 50 years before the relentless onslaught of U.S. imperialism subject to public scrutiny the proposals of the party, whose production has taken part personally. A careful reading of the document gives us the prospect of an urgent and unavoidable radical overhaul of the management system economic, social redistribution mechanisms and criteria for use of the work force, but without giving an inch on the social ownership of the basic means of production or national sovereignty over economic and natural resources. Only now an important part of social property state but would not be cooperative, agriculture, services and other activities, both cooperatives and state enterprises and local governments would then have increased privileges, powers and resources to strengthen extraordinarily participatory democracy, the role of government in social planning and weapons to fight against bureaucracy. While an emerging private sector, properly regulated, would take charge of tasks that the state could never meet. Cuban leaders elude prefer the term reform and update the economic model because it is not changing the substance, socialism, but to take a big leap in its development, in achieving its objectives and the way to a higher stage of economic development by making the changes necessary, correcting mistakes and changing rules at the time may have been necessary but today constitute obstacles to socialist construction. It is also to raise the competitiveness and living standards of the country in the hostile and unpredictable conditions of the most catastrophic crisis in the history of capitalism without leaving anyone stranded for social networks will be responsible to avoid it.

current discussion process is not new and its antecedents have been instrumental in reaching these dates with the formation of a base of popular consensus. It began with the national debate over Raul's speech in Camagüey on 26 July 2007, when he expressed the need for structural and conceptual changes in the Cuban economy, and evoking Fidel, changing everything that has to be changed, for what he called to open a public discussion that has been three years in progress and encouraged another round of parliamentary Street which will culminate in just the sixth party congress .

(*) Article published by the newspaper La Jornada of Mexico .


(Sources: ANSA-America, BBC World and La Jornada)

Calories Chicken Chow Mein

Bolivia: Military

the Bolivian Army to declare "Socialist, anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist." EVO MORALES MAY BE SUBMITTED TO THE 2014 ELECTIONS

The Bolivian army on Sunday held its 200 years of existence, declared "socialist ", " imperialist" and "anti-capitalist ."

The national commander of the Army, General Antonio Cueto said the Constitution promulgated in 2009 " results in the Army to emerge as a socialist institution, community" .

"We declare ourselves anti-imperialist, as in Bolivia, there should be no external power is imposed, we want and we must act with sovereignty and live with dignity. We also declare anticapitalist because this system is destroying Mother Earth " said during a ceremony for the bicentennial of the Army. That institution building takes as the year 1810, when they started the revolution for independence in the current Bolivian territory against the English crown. Cueto

criticized the "neoliberal governments " Bolivian "pact with the capitalist system, seeking the destruction of the Armed Forces of the country , " with plans gradually decreased its operational capacity " .

He confirmed that the Bolivian state " a pacifist, but also reserves " the legitimate right of defense " of its territory and said the military " will not allow under any circumstances the installation of foreign bases " in its territory.

The general Cueto said the new State Constitution, in force since February last year, has led the Army to emerge as a socialist institution, community "and as such we declare ourselves anti-imperialist, as in Bolivia, there should be no external power is imposed, we will and must act with sovereignty and live in dignity" .

" also " he said, declare ourselves anti-capitalists, because this system is destroying Mother Earth, that is why we must unite our efforts and capabilities to defend .

turn, Morales asked the military who are "ready" to defend the sovereignty of Bolivia , the possibility that "any rule" try "military intervention" his country, as they did 200 years ago "fighting English rule" .

"History shows that the Army is born with an anti-imperialist position because he has fought the European empire since 1810" said Morales, noting that the "military nationalism" Armed Forces do not was "imported or imposed" , but born after the War Chaco of Paraguay waged against between 1932 and 1935.

The Bolivian army confirmed its commitment to "change process" promoted by the Government and stressed the slogan "Fatherland or death, we shall overcome. Subordination and perseverance, viva Bolivia " in the hymn that opened on Sunday in commemoration of its bicentennial.

The Army calls for sanctions for missile

general commander of the Army, General Antonio Cueto Calderon , Asked the national government authorities implement the Act Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz against those who collaborated with the U.S. to output Chinese missiles Bolivia bound for that country.

"In order to wash the honor of the Army, ask relevant authorities, through anti-corruption law Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, will act in accordance with those given to shoot down missiles that were purchased to defend the State " , the military chief said in his speech at the commemoration of the bicentennial of the Army.

In December 2005, the current president Evo Morales , then a presidential candidate by the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) and was taken for the winner, denounced the disappearance of 28-to-air missiles MHN-5 made in China that were in the arsenals Bolivians and turned over to U.S. to be "off" .

Morales announced at that time his intention to bring to justice the former interim president Eduardo Rodriguez , and his Defense Minister Gonzalo Mendez Gutierrez By "treason" . To justify the removal of Chinese missiles U.S. Bolivian authorities said that those computers were obsolete and that their operation had become dangerous. It seems, however, that were purchased in China in the early 90's and were in perfect condition. It was the only missile in addition to possessing the Bolivian army.

Reforms in the structure and strategies of the Bolivian army

The Bolivian Army aims to deepen profound changes in their structures and strategies. Gen. Antonio Cuesta, directed last July by videoconference virtual forum with the participation of representatives of the regions of La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz and . A discussion was attended by members of the government and Multinational Legislature, as well as experts in security, defense, science, technology and international politics.

" From the exchange of views between the speakers and participants, will be available concepts and decisions and agreed, by the actors involved in the institutional life of the Army" , the general said then.

The seminar sought to develop plans, projects and programs in the years to enable a transformation of the institution, to be encouraged by military support to the new Constitution, in force since February 2009.

From the nationalization of hydrocarbons, in May 2006, with active participation of the military, President Evo Morales called the army to play a social role for the benefit of all Bolivians. Currently, the officers involved, inter alia, public policy and the distribution of economic aid by sector bonds historically disadvantaged, such as the elderly, children and pregnant women.

As the Captain General of the Armed Forces , Morales has called for developing a doctrine of self defense without having to resort, as before, foreign powers, including U.S. . Morales insists on improved living conditions and equipment of military units.

Evo Morales "may" seek reelection
Hugo Chávez has made several times, Alvaro Uribe was denied and Manuel Zelaya him out in his pajamas in his country who believe that the look. It's reelection.

In Latin America, the possibility of re-election to public office is rather limited in some countries and has been the subject of controversial reforms in others. But in any case is a big tradeoff that often generates heated debate when it appears on the political agenda.

And that is what is currently happening in Bolivia . President Evo Morales flirts with the idea, but does not stop to confirm that yes seek a new term in office.

Who better than Vice President Bolivia, reported to be its closest ally, to clarify what goes through the mind of the agent.

"The new Constitution of 2009 enabled (...) to a third term if the citizens' vote allows. So there is no constitutional limitation for President Morales go to the polls in 2014," said Álvaro García Linera in London interview with BBC .

The vice president of Bolivia confirm something that probably prevents Morales do in the future, but it clearly shows his opinion.

"It is important that President Morales will continue in the process, because dismantling the structures of discrimination that have prevailed for centuries in Bolivia is not done in two or three years," said .

But Bolivian President not have "two or three years" in power. Took over as president in January 2006, but after having amended the constitution in 2009 his supporters say that only now is in the first year in office.

Critics in Bolivia therefore argue that it was a first term, which is in the middle of the second and the third party is not legally permitted.

However, in the leadership of the Bolivian government no doubt about the options.

"The president is not campaigning or take the decision, but we have reaffirmed that the Constitution enables and lets go for re-election" , told BBC García Linera.

re-election promises to be another turbulent episode in Bolivian politics.

The country now enjoys a stability not seen in the last decade. Between 2000 and 2005 there were five presidents, until Morales was elected to the presidency. And according

García Linera, the continuity of the current head of state is key to "achieve the goals of justice and equality in Bolivian society."


In the Salar de Uyuni estimated Bolivia has the largest reserves of lithium in the world. But this
Bolivia needs the gas, especially the income derived from their exploitation.

The country has so far been classified as a gas power on the continent, but a study by a private consultant commissioned by the government revealed a few weeks ago in the Bolivian subsoil would have only a third of the trillions of tons of natural gas than previously thought.

Danger " then the structure of social expenditure undertaken Morales? No, says García Linera .

" Bolivia has much gas, but has only explored 5% of gas potential territory (...) and want to pursue an aggressive policy to explore at least 40% of the gas field area" said.

The difference in what was believed to gas reserves hit the country, when the report of Ryder Scott consultant revealed that 26.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas estimated in 2004, they were really 8.35 trillion cubic feet, which is less one third.

Bolivian Vice President claims to know why such a difference in values \u200b\u200bbetween the gas and thought there was apparently no.

"The companies inflated the figures to increase their shares in the stock market" he said alluding to (but not stating directly) to foreign investors exploited the gas before the nationalization decreed in 2006.

"We do not need to inflate the prices, we have sincere reservations so far found. But we have other riches in parallel, such as lithium (...), iron, gold and agricultural sector with large capacities to provide food the continent and the world "he says.

Bolivia has important gas export contracts with Argentina and Brazil, natural resource and has attracted European companies, Venezuelan, Chinese, Russians and Iranians. That, plus domestic consumption that requires one of the continent's poorest countries.

And while the government rushes to secure future supply, the gas situation is closely followed in and out of Bolivia.

(Sources: EFE, Red Erbol and BBC-World)

Sunbathing Bottomless

Science Week in Andalusia

A recent the Unesco report echoes the lack of engineers , leading to a global brake on economic development.
Aversion to Science and Technology of our students, in any high school course, how many matemafobos there?.
Andalusia celebrates The Science Week and such activities have selected the following:







PHYSICAL AND BEAUTY WITH 10 EXPERIMENT OS

What are the tests most fantastic made in physics throughout history? From Department of Physics, University of Granada, Miguel Cabrerizo has chosen a dozen proposals and submitted them to students in secondary schools and two purposes: to disseminate important scientific advances made by man to Throughout its history, and show in a fun, unjustly considered boring work of physicists.

The Sciences Faculty of the University of Granada becomes during the Science Week from 8 to 21 November in an experimental gallery where students from primary and secondary may take a tour of the 10 most beautiful experiments in physics. Physics Professor Michael Cabrerizo has chosen a dozen trials to show their stuff early, participants travel together with their explanations. One way to disseminate physics beyond memorizing formulas in class.

A group of students is Cabrerizo explanations about the Foucault pendulum

Among the experiments proposed in this exhibition-laboratory experiment found and l Ernest Rutherford for the discovery of atomic nucleus, represented by a mechanical model illustrating the complex trial conducted by the scientist. After bombarding gold foil with alpha particles and saw that they were diverted, refuted the previous atomic model postulated and enacted Rutherford's atomic model, in which it is proposed that the atom is made up of a positively charged nucleus and a series negatively charged electrons orbiting around it.


The drop experiment Millikan Oil , is represented in this conference by a machine similar to the physical U.S. used to determine first the electron charge. By suspending oil droplets within the walls of a single capacitor, could deduce the electron charge, applying different voltages to the droplets in the condenser.


The Foucault pendulum is also exposure. An experiment with the French physicist who could prove that the Earth's rotation can be represented by a fixed platform system in which a pendulum swings freely.


experiment in double Young slit light, the English scientist Thomas Young demonstrated the wave nature of light, ie light is a wave. In the presentation, has exemplified the double-slit experiment with photons. In 1961, we performed the same experiment with electrons, confirming the same results.


With trial balance of Cavendish, the British physicist and chemist won the first measurement of the mass of our planet Earth.


Another experiment is Newton's prism. A simple mechanism by which the English physicist, showed the refraction of light. Their experiment yielded information on the complexity of visible light, composed of different colors that precisely match the colors of the rainbow.


As for the Michelson-Nerly , was designed to measure the absolute speed of motion of the Earth in space using light waves. The negative result of this experiment was the ultimate test for ruling that electromagnetic waves do not require any material medium to propagate or whatever it is, that these waves can travel through a vacuum. This statement was useful to Albert Einstein to formulate his Theory of Special Relativity.


The calculating the perimeter of the Land of Eratosthenes is another fabulous experiments conducted in the history of physics. The famous Greek mathematician, by calculating the shadow of two sundials, one located in Siena and the other in Alexandria, and knowing the exact distance between the two cities, quite rightly calculated the extent of terrestrial radio. Among other things, the fascinating thing about this experiment, which took place about 200 years before Christ, which demonstrated the enormous seriousness of ancient science studies.


Finally, the two remaining experiments are carried out by the great Galileo Galilei. The experiment Galileo Inclined Plane, which is represented most curiously in the laboratory, was what enabled him to say that the distance traveled by an object is proportional to the square of elapsed time.


The other proposed experiments as the most beautiful experiment is e l Free Fall also made by this distinguished Italian physicist. With his experience, Galileo challenged the proposal Aristotle's freefall and confirmed that in the absence of air resistance exerted by the two bodies of different mass fall into the void with the same uniform acceleration.

addition 10 most beautiful experiments in physics, Faculty of Sciences has set a total of 79 different itineraries that can be developed by students of secondary schools enrolled in them, addition to permanent exhibitions and scientific projections that will be offered during those days. In this edition, apart from the influx of the general public, will carry out the different routes around 2,000 students from 39 Secondary Schools, which represents an increase of 60% over the previous year's attendance.


More Information:


Miguel Angel Vilchez Cabrerizo
Department of Applied Physics
Tel - 958243211


Email: mcabre @ ugr . is

Pokemondeluge Salamence's Skills

Western Sahara: Slaughter on Western Sahara

ENTERS MOROCCO BAG IN THE 'CAMP DIGNITY' ATTEMPT TO END SHOT AND PROTEST HITS THE SAHARA. The repression unleashed anger against the occupation in Laayoune, A CITY IN FLAMES

ASSAULT ON CAMP DIGNITY-CHRONICLE OF EMERGENCY

November 8, 2010 by resistenciasaharaui

The forceful intervention began at 7.00. Entered while the population resting and forcefully advanced the gendarmerie destroying everything in its path. We report from

Agdaym Izik that currently all which made up the encampment for dignity walk on foot through the desert to the Laayoune totally besieged by the Moroccan forces of repression, which can generate a humanitarian crisis.

The wounded number in the thousands to have attacked at night the camp of freedom, where they were sleeping men, women and children, unarmed population, with tear gas, water pressure, and other repressive forces entered massively, completely destroying the camp.

Our colleague from there we said at the time "We are all walking through the desert road to the city, but here we see a lot of smoke can tell us what's going on .. "

has not been even a tent (tent of the Bedouin) in place, they have destroyed the camp and everything they had there.

In the city of Laayoune the situation is on full alert and very violent since yesterday afternoon, people have taken to the streets to demonstrate against the brutal repression in Morocco. Currently

are at the mercy of the occupying forces, where clashes occur and people are defending against attacks that are suffering from the thousands of military, auxiliary forces that have literally taken the city. We report

already being charged with firearms to the Saharawi population is manifested in all districts of Laayoune.

GARGAF Babb, Saharawi citizen, was murdered in the neighborhood of Awayrat Alhomr in Smara Ave. MAHMOUD GARGAN also been killed.

Other unidentified dead yet. The Polisario sources indicate at least 12 victims who died in the attack. We have talked to our colleagues and we have described the terrible situation in the city, as we talked have had to hide, because it have been put on notice that they are in danger.

Saharawi camp protest rose more than three weeks. They lived more than 25,000 Sahrawi in 7,500 tents. Their demands were socioeconomic, although many residents did not hide his links with the Saharawi cause. Until now, the moment of maximum tension occurred last Oct. 24 when a young Saharawi, 14, was shot in the Moroccan army when he tried to enter the camp.

Interestingly, a year ago, the English Government also saw a conflict with Morocco by the case of activist Saharan Haidar, who put in check the executive branch of Zapatero . After a month on hunger strike, Haidar finally managed to land in Laayoune after arduous negotiations between Spain and the United Alawi. The agreement between both countries, the English government recognized that the prevailing Sahara under Moroccan law. Since then, the situation has only worsened

A very violent assault


"The process was very violent, against children, elders and women," says Antonio Velazquez, Mexico cooperating present in the Sahrawi resistance camp, tells how he was the dismantling by the police

" to the gas station is on fire " Sahrawi sources say up to 13 deaths in Laayoune

" At seven o'clock, when there was no sun out and everyone was asleep, helicopters arrived, the messages over loudspeakers in Arabic, Moroccan police waking up to the people on a violent, pushing and throwing punches and the tents " , said in a telephone Antonio Velázquez, Mexican cooperating witness to the violent eviction of the Saharawi camp (20,000 people) carried out this morning by the Moroccan government forces. With the body still in shock and unable to collect their belongings, the displaced began leaving the area with the help of the Saharan security group that had formed on purpose for the camp.

Tear gas, batons, stones, tents ... Everything burned, as he relates Velázquez, to control a population consisting mainly "children, the elderly, women and disabled." "The camp population is a reflection of the general Saharawi population: that is, there are hardly any young people because most have emigrated. All reprisals have been the weakest" , emphasizes the cooperative. Everything has been burned and destroyed. "There has been neither a standing tent," said Velazquez , yes I saw many injured but can not confirm that there were dead. After the violence carried out by the police and the Moroccan army began to move Saharan Laayoune, 15 miles away. "We went on foot and in Land Rovers, there are still people walking in the desert " said Velázquez .

As they walked, the distance the displaced could see Laayoune enveloped in smoke. "As we walked, the city had fumaroles. Then we learned that the relatives of those who were in the camp, have taken to the streets to protest. Is still an Intifada, the city is under siege " describes the Mexican cooperating. He also claimed that since the day before began to suspect that something was going to happen when the three p.m. cut the entrances to camp. "Do not let nobody out, not to families going to pick up the children to school" he said. According

Ahmed Brahim, one of the representatives of the organizing committee of the camp, helicopters and soldiers have " gun fired." "It's a slaughter" he complained. "They come with great violence as if it were a battle between armies, when they know that we have no weapons, we have no kitchen knives" he said.

"All we were ready, we were awake, " adds Ahmed . " We hope to hold out until the afternoon, is a camp of 4,680 tents " says the representative.

Ahmed also explains that the security forces Moroccan records made "house to house" neighborhoods in Laayoune . "People are defending their homes " said the representative who ensures that the assailants "break the doors and make arrests . "There are cars overturned, burning cars, there are explosions Gas bottles " says Ahmed.

" There are screams everywhere. We hear shots with live bullets and shells of instruction, rubber bullets, which are causing fractures and open wounds " , reported. However, the Moroccan forces would be in disregard of the injured. " No aid to injured or dead. have not led anyone ado to hospitals, "said Ahmed .

The English aid Raquel del Castillo, has ensured that the camp is " totally destroyed "and that the war continues in the city " . Del Castillo also speaks of "many dead " and that they have heard "shots " in the main streets of Laayoune . "People are defending so you can" he continues. "They have taken a truck riot of Moroccans and defend him" he adds.

Council are asked to convene the UN Security

Saharawi Foreign Minister, Mohamed Ould Salek , denounced the "barbaric act" of Moroccan security forces and demanded urgent intervention of the Security Council UN for " stop this crime. "

Ould Salek explained that the leadership of Polisario Front is meeting to assess the situation and decide whether or not to cancel their participation in informal negotiations with Morocco scheduled for Monday in New York .

From Frente Polisario the speech by King of Morocco, Mohammed VI to mark the 35 anniversary of the Moroccan military occupation dela then English colony of Sahara the Green March was " constitute an order yours for the start This brutal intervention of the Moroccan forces against Sahrawi civil, peaceful and defenseless . " Associations

Saharawi rallies this Monday afternoon in front of the Moroccan Embassy in Madrid . The protest, called by the State Coordinator Associations of Solidarity with the Sahara (CEAS-Sahara) Platform and Policy Support to the Saharawi people (PAPPS) is celebtra also in several English cities and capitals of provinces.


Ennaama ASFARI TORTURED TO LOSE THE KNOWLEDGE


Ennaama ASFARI , co- CORELSO (Committee for the Respect of Liberties and Human Rights in Western Sahara) , was arrested and brutally tortured, around 20 pm (local time) in El Aaiun . A large group of secret police, GUS and others have been tortured until he lost knowledge.

The barricades on the Avenue of Smara succeed with burning tires, sticks, and everything is on the way to protest the intervention of the Moroccan forces of occupation against the Saharawi people and the camp of Gdeim Izik.

REPORTS: OFFICE OF THE MINISTRY OF SADR OCCUPIED TERRITORIES

Manhasset Saharawi delegation calls on UN to send a fact-finding mission to Western Sahara

Chahid The Hafed, 11/08/2010 (SPS) .- The Polisario Front delegation in Manhasset (USA) , today called on the United Nations to take appropriate action, by sending a mission research to shed light on the "atrocities" committed by the Moroccan occupation in the absence of observers and the international press.

In a statement, the Minister of Foreign SADR, Mohamed Salem Ould indicates that the Polisario Front delegation in informal negotiations scheduled for today following with great attention to "bloody " events taking place in the occupied territories of Western Sahara and especially the city of Laayoune .

"The delegation expressed the personal envoy of UN Secretary-General for Western Sahara, Christopher Ross, strongly condemns the slaughter perpetrated by Morocco in the camp Gdeim Izik and undermines confidence in the negotiations and discredits United Nations presence in the territory, "adds .

why the delegation confirmed as responsible for the Saharawi diplomacy, that negotiations have not started yet and certainly "can not advance in circumstances so serious and that the onus is on Morocco. " (SPS)

release from CEAS:
Morocco and King Mohamed VI only know the language of violence, hatred and the violation of Human Rights

Those who claim, over and over again, giving us lessons in democracy and human rights, now prefer to look the other way when there are economic interests at stake .

The State Coordinator of Associations in solidarity with the Sahara, CEAS-Sahara appalled by the events that are happening in Laayoune in the occupied territories of Western Sahara, EXPRESS its strongest condemnation at the attitude of the Moroccan regime that once again shows the world known only to the language of violence, hatred and THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS. We

within hours of the start of negotiations sponsored by the UN and days after English observers and journalists were attacked and insulted by Moroccan agents, and that parliamentarians autonomic and Parliament itself were illegally expelled and arbitrary territory, in an apparent attempt to hide from the world that today has confirmed: the indiscriminate attack by the military and police against thousands of Saharawi civilians who peacefully demanding their economic and social Izik Gdaim camp, known as CAMP DIGNITY in the occupied territories of Western Sahara.

Moroccan police and military units have entered today in the protest camp Gdaim Saharawi Izik near Laayoune, in order to dismantle it by force, resulting in injuries of varying degrees, panic and anxiety among the thousands of men, women and children peacefully Camp focused on claiming their basic rights.

The State of Morocco, with its violent and anti-democratic attitude, violates basic rules such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which proclaims in its Article 19 as "everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression: this right includes freedom not to be harassed because of their opinions, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers, by any means of expression. " Article in the same sense develops the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Articles 18 and 19.

The Kingdom of Morocco even ignores its own Constitution, Article 9 reads: "Guaranteed to all citizens: freedom of movement and residence in all parts of the Kingdom, freedom of speech, freedom of expression in all its forms and freedom of assembly, freedom of association and freedom to join any labor organization and policy choice. "

How many people have to die?, How much horror to be seen that the international community to protect the Saharawi civilians? Still the English government found that "the Moroccan law applies in the territory of Western Sahara"?

We urge the European Union and especially the English Government, and his new Foreign Minister that, if they still have some dignity, do call the King of Morocco to put an end to this madness of repression and violence unjustified, disproportionate and cruel.

finally urge all people of good will to focus today on all cities and towns of the State to show our disgust, anger and indignation.

NOT IN OUR NAME, peace and freedom for the Saharawi people


(Sources: Sahrawi resistance (blog), a Sahara Público.es Free Poems (blog), The Mundo.es, SPS-Service Press Sahrawi and CEAS)